Testosterone is a potent androgenic hormone, produced chiefly by testes and occurs naturally in human body. It is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics. It is an anabolic agent and its use may result in a significant increase in muscle mass, mood change (aggression), hair loss, deepened voice, acne and infertility. Anabolic steroids (of which testosterone is one) have been taken to enhance muscle development, strength, or endurance. They do so directly by increasing the muscles’ protein synthesis.
Epitestosterone, on the other hand, is a chemically similar, natural steroid that is produced independently of testosterone because through a different bio-synthetic pathway.
The normal Testosterone (T) to Epitestosterone (E) ratio in urine varies from individual to individual and on average is one to one (1:1). This ratio does not vary significantly within an individual unless a testosterone or related preparation is consumed or injected or if some pathological condition exists. In such cases, the testosterone level can increase but epitestosterone levels tend to remain unaffected.
The T/E ratio greater than 4:1 in the urine of a person indicates steroid abuse unless there is evidence to the contrary i.e. unless there is convincing evidence that this ratio is […]
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Anabolic steroids, also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids or AAS, are a class of steroid hormones related to the hormone testosterone which is known to build muscle tissue & to cause the development of male secondary sex characteristics. However, testosterone in its natural form has a half life of only about ten minutes in the body. So, for therapeutic purposes medicinal chemists began to alter natural testosterone in an attempt to make drugs that would work like testosterone but last long enough in the body to have an effect and thus synthetic steroids were born which can either be taken orally, injected in veins or applied as skin patches.
As anabolic steroids simulate testosterone in building the muscle mass and physical strength, they are thus frequently abused in different types of professional sports to enhance strength, physique & develop endurance to attain a competitive edge or to assist in recovery from injury. Such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of many sports. So, a diverse array of tests are designed to detect and deter performance-enhancing drugs abuse by competitors in various sports & every year over 100,000 drug tests are conducted worldwide at a whooping cost of […]
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